Political economy of pakistan pdf. Pakistan has transitioned from the .
Political economy of pakistan pdf.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2016.
Political economy of pakistan pdf Google Scholar A stable economy of any country plays an important and vital role in any nation’s collective prosperity and development. This paper examines how the political economy of Pakistan has changed, both in theory and reality, when one considers the country as it actually exists today, and identifies the problems and challenges in trying to theorise about the new political economy. Stability and Reform of Political Institutions 507 22. In Oct 1, 2017 · Sallahuddin and Awan (2017) suggested the inflation rate and public debt on economic growth and the political landscape in Pakistan. 2 Yet, its ranking Sep 19, 2019 · This volume makes a major intervention in the debates around the nature of the political economy of Pakistan, focusing on its contemporary social dynamics. Pakistan’s economic growth exceeded India’s for over four decades after its independence in 1947, but since the 1990s, its growth rate has been consistently lower. Various East Asian This document outlines the course handbook for Political Economy of Pakistan, a 4th year undergraduate course at GC University Lahore. The effect of trade complementarity, distance, rivalry and government strength on Oct 14, 2023 · Pakistan is currently facing one of the worst economic crises in its history. Political economy models of growth and public service provision stress the incentives of the elite under high inequality to under-invest in the human capital of the majority. However, Apr 26, 2019 · Pakistan's class structure has indeed shifted significantly away ‘from a largely agricultural, rural economy, where ‘feudals’ dominate the economic, social, and particularly political space’ (Zaidi 2017), to one that has a large urban population and a small but highly visible upper-middle class. Economic sanctions were imposed against Pakistan by the western governments. It includes the student's name and details, as well as an outline of the contents of the assignment, which will discuss the definition of political economy, an overview of the contemporary global political economy, an overview of Pakistan's political economy through different eras from 1947 Jul 1, 2020 · The research consists of a preface addressing the roots of economic and trade relations between Turkey and Pakistan until 2002, as well as two main axes: the first deals with trade relations while led to further economic isolation of Pakistan and a considerable erosion of confidence by domestic and non-resident Pakistanis. The state's social, political, and economic stability has suffered as a result. All respondents stated that in the Political stability is a fundamental concept in ensuring economic growth. This paper examines Pakistan as a case study of these two propositions. The political unrest has slowed Pakistan's social, political, and economic development. THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ROLE OF THE PAKISTANI MILITARY Elisa Ada Giunchi Pakistan’s armed forces are among the most modern, largest and well funded in the world. In April 2015, Chinese President Xi Jinping visited Pakistan and announced a US $ 46 billion commitment to build a multifaceted network called the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (the value of CPEC projects is worth the US $ 87 billion as of Political Economy of Pakistan - Free download as PDF File (. In the late 1950s, it became a key political force and increasingly infiltrated the Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2016. Aug 18, 2021 · The political economy of Pakistan 1947-85 by Noman, Omar. The majority of them have shown a positive relationship between them. For researchers on Pakistan's economy, it is the key source for East Pakistan – indicating a widening of the regional economic disparity noted earlier. After independence in 1947, Pakistan chose to be a state based on religious ideology. The first section deals with the past achievements and failures of Pakistan’s economy. Pakistan has thus been unable to realize its potential. The course is designed to introduce students to political economy through examining Pakistan's case. Aug 8, 2019 · Responding, in part, to Akhtar in 2014, Zaidi took a more critical stance and argued that Alavi’s concept has no relevance for contemporary Pakistan (Zaidi, S. of Pages: 178 Web link Date of Printing: 10 May, 2024 QR Code This Report is published by State Bank of Pakistan as required under the applicable laws. It aims to define political economy, describe relevant theories, and discuss and analyze key issues in Pakistan's political and economic development, as well as Dec 13, 2022 · The unprecedented turnout at rallies across Pakistan protesting corruption and poor job prospects underscores the frustration among the rapidly growing middle class with governance failures. 5. Such uncertainty Feb 1, 2023 · with catastrophic flooding, political turmoil and economic crisis. Apr 2, 2021 · Increasing the rate of gross domestic product over the past ten years Figure 2 above indicates how gross domestic product rose from 2008 to 2020. Pakistan has been dealing with backbreaking inflation and dwindling foreign reserves. Despite its enormous economic resources, Pakistan’s economy remained under dark shadows during most of its historical discourse. Jan 1, 2012 · Pakistan is among few countries of the world where political instability badly damaged the economic growth despite tremendous resources. Given its slim parliamentary majority, the coalition government, which is unpopular, will depend heavily on the military for political support. The 1970s: era of socialism and its aftermath Because of growing interregional economic disparity, East Pakistan revolted against West Pakistan and became independent (Bangladesh) in 1971. Political polarization has increased among political parties as a result of the growth in political instability (Taha, 2012). Being the nearest deep-sea port to the landlocked Central Asian Republics, Gwadar is another manifestation of Pakistan's geographical importance. 7. His main The Political Economy of Industrial Policy in Pakistan 1947-1971 Mushtaq H. doc / . Annexure III: Impact of War in Afghanistan and Ensuing Terrorism on Pakistan’s Economy, Islamabad: Government of Pakistan. The economic indicators describe a significant relationship between politics and the economy of Pakistan. The period from 1947 when Pakistan was created to the watershed of 1971 when East Pakistan split off to become Bangladesh is an important one for studying the favoritism, and the misuse of authority. 0. It results in a deep cynicism toward Pakistan’s political institutions and a passive acceptance of government corruption at all levels. References 563 vi economic packages of different sort, and seldom used force when and where felt necessary to bring normalcy and to bring peace. This will give the military an increasing voice in economic affairs. Political Economy of India and Pakistan Relations: JRSP, Vol. Jan 24, 2022 · The author combines all three subjects systematically in one book. It discusses key economic concepts like the factors of production, GDP, income per capita, inflation, imports, exports, balance of trade, monetary and fiscal policy. An appraisal of scholarship on exchange rate misalignment in Pakistan is provided highlighting that it fails to educate public on the role of political and institutional factors in shaping exchange rate policy 5. This paper presents a political economy overview of industrial development in Pakistan. Jun 16, 2019 · We study the impact of political instability on economic growth, income distribution and poverty. PIDE’S CHARTER OF ECONOMY Nadeem Ul Haque and Saddam Hussein Vice Chancellor & Research Economist Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad. Publication date 1988 Publisher Pdf_module_version 0. docx. This paper focuses on the interplay of political decisions it hankered after democracy; unsure of what it stood for, Pakistan has been left clutching at an identity beset by an ambiguous relation to Islam. Regrettably, Pakistan has grappled with political instability Feudal culture, patronage and rent-seeking underpin the political economy of Pakistan. The term ‘political economy’ has been traditionally defined, first, as the interrelationship between political power, society and the economy and, second, as the Jul 2, 2020 · Issues in Pakistan’s Economy: A Political Economy Perspective will interest serious scholars of Pakistan’s economic history and its developments, as well as those who seek to understand how social and economic processes have an impact on numerous outcomes and forms of structural transformation, and how, in a political economy perspective, state and society evolve. Bush offi-cially declared the ‘war on terror’ in 2001, we point out some of the salient features of Pakistan’s historical landscape that continue not only to cast their shadow over Pakistan’s political economy but also to some degree inform it. 2014. 1 329 330 331 331 13. 58, No. Oxford University Press, edition 3, This book is tied in with understanding Pakistan’s underlying change for more than sixty years in a political-economic system. org. ) Ltd. Political Economy of Bureaucracy in Pakistan 2020 (1). docx), PDF File (. Investment ratio dived south and persistent Feb 10, 2013 · (2013) Political Economy of Development in Pakistan. This paper aims to look into sources of water pollution in Pakistan and their impact on our socio-economic system. The port is the soul of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. The economic growth rate has averaged 5 percent annually since 1947--a feat achieved by very few countries. In Asia, economic growth is positively influenced by corruption Mar 31, 2023 · Issues In Pakistan's Economy Bookreader Item Preview Pdf_module_version 0. In order to address these questions it is useful to revisit the essential dimen-sions of Pakistan’s economic and political history, a history which can be divided into six distinct periods: » The Flat Fifties, 1947 to 1958 May 24, 2021 · Noman, Omar. The economy of Pakistan has been undergoing a stabilization phase since the last three years. 2. 0 . Over 20 classes students will discuss readings on Pakistan's agrarian and industrial political Sep 22, 2009 · Economic and social outcomes in Pakistan over the last sixty years are a mixture of paradoxes. Jun 23, 2006 · PDF | On Jun 23, 2006, Philip Keefer and others published The Political Economy of Decentralization in Pakistan | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Present Political and Economic Developments Abstract This research explores the possibilities for Pakistan in current economy-centered foreign relations with Iran. It is a critique of how the political economy has been constructed in Pakistan, especially towards the role of political and institutional drivers of exchange rate misalignment. Dynamics and Stability of Constitutions, Coalitions and Clubs 510 22. Political economy of Pakistan Boxid IA40121713 Camera USB PTP Class Camera Collection_set printdisabled External-identifier urn:oclc:record:1256536100 urn:lcp:pakistanpolitica0000noma:lcpdf:e9f06267-11aa-4fee-aa59-c98c3d7088e7 Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2016. Stability in international political-economy in a sense that Pakistan must be inclusive for rapid political and economic growth. This is the first comprehensive academic analysis of Pakistan's political economy after thirty-five years, and addresses issues of state, class and society, examining gender, the middle classes, the media, the bazaar economy, urban spaces Out of these, lack of economic strength was cited the most number of times as the primary reason for Pakistan’s lack of investment in disaster preparedness. Akbar Zaidi 3rd edition in PDF Free. Although Middle East oil bonanza occurred a few years before Zia took over, it did help him in two ways. Pakistan has transitioned from the political instability played havoc with the economy. “Rethinking Pakistan’s Political Economy: Class, State, Power and Transition. Google Scholar Ministry of Interior. pk https://cdpr. Starting with an analysis of initial conditions, Half Year Report on The State of Pakistan’s Economy Printed at Pakistan Security Printing Corporation (Pvt. Despite this record of sustained growth, Pakistan's economy had, until a few years ago, been characterized as unstable and highly vulnerable to external and internal shocks. 4. Both scholars recognise that the Dec 1, 2017 · This book is the main text for post-graduate courses on South Asia's development, economic history and on its political economy. It is creating massive problems and hindering the development of these countries. THE STATE OF PAKISTAN’S ECONOMY 2022-23 2 Due to its political instability, uncertainty and economic turmoil, Pakistan has once again temporarily postponed a default on foreign debt repayments with the approval of its 24th IMF program. economy aspects of sustainability of economic reforms by introducing three basic hypotheses, and testing these hypotheses with the evidence from Pakistan. This phenomenon has profound repercussions, particularly on a nation's economic growth. This paper is divided into six sections. It also pumped in billions of remittances in the rural areas of the country sowing the The term political instability denotes a state of political unrest and turmoil within a country, characterized by the loss of control over territory, the inability to provide essential public services, and the erosion of legitimate authority. Apr 21, 2014 · Examination of trade potential and barriers between India and Pakistan from a political economy perspective. 3. The unprecedented turnout at rallies across Pakistan protesting corruption and poor job prospects underscores the frustration among the rapidly growing middle class with governance failures. Politically, however, the interplay of religious fundamentalism, sectarianism, ethnic cleavages and regional economic disparities has made the country volatile and unstable. ” Economic and Political Weekly 49 (5): 47–54). 1 Historically, the growth rate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Pakistan has been around an average of 5% per annum. Read full-text. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2009 Political Culture of Pakistan. SPECIAL ARTICLE Rethinking Pakistan’s Political Economy Class, State, Power, and Transition S Akbar Zaidi Examining the numerous and often contradictory issues and problems that emerge in trying to look at a statist or Islamist Pakistan, this paper points out that both undermine the vast array of processes that are at work and feed into the nature of Pakistan’s state and society. 2 12. The election was marked by vote-rigging, and political stability and security will remain tenuous in Pakistan. JPG. References 530 Chapter 23. The estimates are obtained by applying Heteroscedasticity consistent OLS on a cross-section of 103 minister of Pakistan. May 4, 2016 · 7. This is the first comprehensive academic analysis of Pakistan’s political economy after thirty-five years, and addresses issues of state, class and society, examining gender, the middle classes, the media, t. pdf), Text File (. The overall The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of Pakistan's Budget 2023-24 and its fiscal landscape, sketching the challenges and opportunities within its revenue generation, economic growth, and Economic resilience: Historically, Pakistan's overall economic output (GDP) has grown every year since a 1951 recession. ˇMubarak Ali, “Water Use Efficiency, Pakistan’s Fertilizer Sector Structure, Performance, Policies, and Impacts”: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics P & R October 2021 Mushtaq Khan, “The Political Economy of Industrial Policy in Asia and Latin America”, Industrial Policy and Development. Political stability plays an important role in keeping Pakistani economy, sketch the future direction and offer my own assessment of how the adoption of an Islamic economy, if it indeed happens, will affect Pakistan’s future. The latest economic data has been used from the World Development Report 2012, World Economic Indicators 2012, Economic Survey of Pakistan 2011–12, Transparency International Report 2011, IMF Report on Pakistan for 2012, and State Bank of Pakistan Report for 2010–11. Second, the military’s economic predatoriness increases in totalitarian systems. 2 Local Government in the 1980s (and 1990s): Urban Pakistan and the Middle Classes The Political Economy of Industrial Policy in Pakistan 1947-1971 Mushtaq H. Many discussions present the effects of Brain Drain on economy of Pakistan. Yet, it is only after the launching of CPEC that some concerns are raised in Pakistan about the environmental, political and economic implications of that project because of two reasons: First, it is argued Jul 13, 2019 · Pakistan is also victim of this painful and hurting phenomenon. Dependency is a structural The document provides an overview of the economy of Pakistan. 1. Uncertainty and discontinuity of economic policies, patronage-based economic governance benefitting a small elite to the exclusion of the majority of the population and exogenous shocks derailed the economy from its tracks. Publications Section, Karachi Print Quantity: 800 No. Background Despite experiencing extreme economic and political instability, Pakistan has still been unable to break with the ramshackle of its unstable development enigma. an, focusing on its contemporary social dynamics. Political Stability and Political Compromises 543 23. Jan 1, 2021 · Pakistan’s geo-strategic location provides Beijing alternate routes for oil and gas supplies from the access to the energy-rich Persian Gulf region. Although opposition parties mark on Pakistan’s road to development in the key sectors ranging from energy, roads, highways, railways, water resources, and commerce. Our conversation today is an opportunity to Pakistan is widely being portrayed a weak democratic state as elected governments were unnecessarily broken frequently. Then, the martial law authorities Jun 26, 2023 · In conclusion, the study highlights the significant negative effects of political instability on Pakistan, including economic, social, and political consequences. Private industrial development in Pakistan has a mixed track record. Another cause of political May 6, 2021 · The article states that as a consequence of these complex interrelations between fiscal policy, institutions and tax evasion, the development of informal economy in Pakistan is intricate, which is This document provides an assignment for a final exam on the topic of the political economy of Pakistan. 3 12. Show More. Modeling Political Compromise 533 23. Pakistan’s political stability and development is dependent and based on the amelioration and refinement of governance. It also examines some of Pakistan's current economic problems like the large current account imbalance, high fiscal deficit, and increasing debt burden. pk/the-political-economy-of-pakistans-economic-recovery/. Other political economy models stress that ethnic divisions will lead to low public goods provision. Pakistan is also highly import-dependent, particularlywith regard to energy, which renders it acutely vulnerable to hikes in global oil and gas prices. 2: To Devalue or To Defend- Political Economy of Zhihong Zhen is Professor of School of Sociology and Political Science in Shanghai University, Director of the Center for International Political Economy of Shanghai University, Director of the Institute of Gerontology of Shanghai University, and Secretary-General of Economics Sociology Committee of Chinese Sociology Association. Apr 26, 2019 · 4 Class Is Dead but Faith Never Dies: Women, Islam and Pakistan; 5 The Amnesia of Genesis; 6 The Political Economy of Uneven State-Spatiality in Pakistan: The Interplay of Space, Class and Institutions; 7 An Evolving Class Structure? Pakistan's Ruling Classes and the Implications for Pakistan's Political Economy The link between economic and political gains compounds the predatory intensity of such capital. The theme of this article revolves around the problem of political stability in context of identity and legitimacy crisis in Pakistan. 3 (July-Sept 2021) 216 Rizwan Ali* Political Economy of India and Pakistan Relations Abstract Pakistan and India were together under the British Raj for more than 100 years. This document outlines the syllabus for a course on the Political Economy of Pakistan taught at LUMS. Motivated by personal gain, the officer cadre of the armed forces seek political and economic relationships which will enable them to increase their economic returns. The political culture of Pakistan is defined by the multiethnic& multilingual and religious orientations and which have been the source of underdevelopment of national identity and political legitimacy of the state two vital prerequisites in the development of any political culture. Political stability is necessary in Pakistan in order to produce a high tax-to-GDP ratio. Many researcher have been completed their studies on political stability and economic growth. Title Page Final. A combination of rising debt levels, persistent trade deficits, political instability, and a lack of investment has Jan 1, 2001 · Pakistan is a classic case of growth without development. Why the Balochistan-Pakistan relation has been relatively estranged compare to the politico-economic relation of other provinces of Pakistan vis-à-vis the federation, and why the The economy of Pakistan has been badly damaged by the political instability in the country. The country frequent runs to IMF and “friendly countries” for assistance May 31, 2022 · PDF | Pakistan has been trapped by a blend of problems such as political chaos, economic turmoil, social unrest, religious extremism, rampant | Find, read and cite all the research you need on The Political Economy of Industrial Development in Pakistan: A Long-Term Perspective . Nov 17, 2018 · Pakistan is among few countries of the world where political instability badly damaged the economic growth despite tremendous resources. With greater oil revenues, Middle Eastern countries started a two decades long construction boom which absorbed hundreds and thousands of Pakistani labour, easing the domestic unemployment situation. CONTENTS. edu. 1 Impact of Political Stability on Economic Growth in Pakistan: Pakistan has faced fluctuation in growth rate from 1971 when political turmoil led to a war that had disastrous effects on loss of money. 2. University of Huddersfield; Download full-text PDF Read full-text. Pakistan has had respectable per capita growth Experiments with socialism (1970s) and neo-classical economicsinspired structural adjustments (since the 1980s) have failed to deliver the desired outcomes and, in fact, entrenched Pakistan’s crisis of political economy. This paper focuses on the interplay of political decisions THE STATE OF PAKISTAN’S ECONOMY 2024-25 ix Foreword S Akbar Zaidi Executive Director, IBA, Karachi Pakistan’s economy in the last two years has been greatly influenced by political events. By the late 1990s Pakistan had entered almost a critical state of paralysis and stagnation in its economy particularly in its external sector. Violence in the recent years has given more strength to the negative perception of Pakistan as a polity not conducive for democratic institutions, this was doubled with the risk of military coup, which overshadowed the encouraging trends, like the maturing of Pakistani political system in pluralistic societies of the developing states, including Pakistan, has resulted from "the issues of centralization of authority, national integration, social mobilization, economic development, political participating and social 'welfare, Which have arisen simultaneously in the political order" (Laghari, 1991). The period from 1947 when Pakistan was created to the watershed of 1971 when East Pakistan split off to become Bangladesh is an important one for studying the Economic experts think that Pakistan’s economic crisis has several causes. Political Economy of Pakistan - Free download as Word Doc (. 4 The Basic Democracies of the 1960s 12. txt) or read online for free. plus-circle Economic Survey of Pakistan 2013–14. Political instability interferes in economic activity macroeconomic variables. The Political Economy of Pakistan’s Development Why is political economy important? Feudal culture, patronage and rent-seeking underpin the political economy of Pakistan. See full list on ir. February 2013; Authors: Kalim Siddiqui. In Pakistan some of the areas are economically backward and underdeveloped. This book—a work of interpretation rather than of historical research—addresses the political, economic and strategic implications of Pakistan’s uncertain national identity. Mar 25, 2021 · PDF | On Mar 25, 2021, Muhammad Zahir Faridi published Economic Growth in Pakistan – A Historic Perspective | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Political instability has become a serious and threatening problem especially in developing and underdeveloped countries. Within them, the army is the largest unit and the most powerful institution in the country. 22. This study has explored the effect of political unrest on economic of Pakistan and its volatility over the period of last 22 years using annual time series data, which have been further decomposed into different quarters to capture interim effects. iba. Apr 6, 2021 · The economy of Pakistan has been badly damaged by the political instability in the country. National Internal Security Policy 2014–2018, Islamabad: Government of Pakistan. Khan, Department of Economics, SOAS, University of London. 6. 1 Local Government in Pakistan 12. It is usually believed that economic growth can take place only in the pres-ence of political stability, but the Pakistani case contradicts conventional wisdom. 22 Ppi 300 Scanner Internet Archive HTML5 Uploader 1. Even by developing world standards, Pakistan’s GDP is considered low while the population continues to increase. 1. The course will examine debates around how productive relations impact politics and vice versa in Pakistan through issues like class, labor, development policies, and state-society relations. Dynamics of Political Compromise 533 23. Imran Ali *and Adeel Malik** Abstract . 1 Abstract Polluted water poses a serious threat to the environment, human life and even the economy. Download Book Issues in Pakistan’s Economy By S. We also wish to thank Nicholas Manning and Hanid Mukhtar for providing information Nov 13, 2017 · PDF | On Nov 13, 2017, Sofia Anwar and others published Introduction to the Economy of Pakistan | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Political and Economic situation . While many economic fundamentals have remained the same, political stability, even if defined loosely, has had an impact on key economic indicators. Despite its enormous economic resources, Pakistan’s economy remained under dark shadows during most of Asian countries that were behind Pakistan in the 1960s have surged far ahead in most economic and social indicators. Jan 12, 2022 · Following Samir Amin (Citation 1974), Pakistan can be characterized as a political economy “dependent” on the core countries of global capitalism—imperialism—due to its internally disarticulated economic structure dating back to British colonial rule (Vakulabharanam Citation 2020; Akhtar Citation 2013). 3 The National Finance Commission Award 2010 373 12. Pakistan’s economic performance since President George W. Keefer, Ambar Narayan and Tara Vishwanath∗ April 15, 2003 ∗ We are deeply grateful to Nobuo Yoshida for useful inputs, data analysis and background research. Recent developments related to CPEC, Gwadar and Chabahar port projects have the potential for both positive and adverse effects on political and economic interests of Pakistan and Iran. Political instability and poor governance have been significantfactors that undermine the country’s fiscalposition. Akbar. I China-Pakistan Economic Corridor Pakistan benefits from its strategic location and China is taking advantage of that. Political Culture in Pakistan’s Domestic and Foreign Policies 7 A deficiency of public trust goes hand in hand with a weak civic culture. powerful enough to control them (Galbraith, 1985, 2004; Lawson, 2005; Veblen, 1932, 1934). We have reconsidered some empirical influences of remittances, political instability and unemployment on brain drain phenomenon in Pakistan by employing Johanson co-integration technique. Conclusions 530 22. Chapter 12 Local Government and the Political Economy of Decentralization 12. After the hard times of Pakistan, Economy of Pakistan performed really well during the periods of Ayub Khan, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Zia-ul-Haq, Musharraf, Nawaz Sharif and with the services of the patriot economic experts, engineers and capitalists, Pakistan achieved high growth rates in manufacturing and industrialization from 1950s onwards. Download full-text PDF. Institutionalists created the framework for communication research Feb 11, 2017 · Economic Problems Of Pakistan And Their Solutions 18 The political instability is also playing its role in making the conditions of economy even worse, as such variation in political and governing bodies, corruption, and continuous and so vigorous change and amendments in the policy of trading and producing has been continuously creating . The term ‘political economy’ has been tra-ditionally defined, first, as the interrelationship between political power, society and the economy and, second, as the in the case of India and Pakistan, two countries that are more akin to each other and share a common legacy. Governance in Pakistan is through-out taken as a suffering experience. Pakistan; political economy; International Monetary Fund; taxation; defence; industrialisation Introduction Pakistanis born The Political Economy of Decentralization in Pakistan Philip E. 15 Ppi 360 Rcs_key 24143 Aug 26, 2020 · Download full-text PDF Download full-text PDF Download full-text PDF Read full-text. xvwedmryjioxvniuxigjpanijwxxsjyjbsvpghfighuktgya